Week 4 - So whose responsibility is it?

Who would've thought that those first cows - brought in by Samuel Marsden in 1814 - would be the beginnings of New Zealand's economic and environmental landscape for many years to come?

Everyday, I drive over the Kaimai ranges from Tauranga and wind my way down the hill deep into the heart of dairy farming country.  While I used to spend the drive frantically planning my lessons for the day ahead, I now scan the countryside for irrigation systems, fenced off streams, helicopters spreading fertiliser and cows, so many cows.   Previously these seemingly everyday things barely featured on my consciousness, yet they have so much more meaning now.

Shorthorn cows like those brought to New Zealand in 1814.

For me, the most interesting  aspect of my assignment 1 topic ( the need for further regulation within farming to reduce environmental impacts ) was most definitely the questions raised around responsibility. After considering the arguments from both sides - one saying that enough regulation is in place, the other saying that we need more - I went down the track of considering what could be further regulated to have the most significant impact.  Most farmers are doing what is asked of them.  The problem then is that these measures are not enough to offset the damage and as a result our water quality continues to decline.  Yes, some farmers are not adhering to current regulations but in my opinion there will always be selfish, idiotic people who do this, and fines exist to deal with them. It's for this reason that I feel the Government need to put in place more fundamental regulations to ensure changes that will actually make a difference.  That's the Government's responsibility, particularly when its aiming to double the amount of dairy exports in coming years.  We need regulations to rectify the causes of the damage, rather than looking [for costly ways] to cure the symptoms.

On that note, is it the responsibility of all New Zealanders to pay for the clean-up of rivers, lakes and streams?  Some say no.  They say that if farmers are causing the damage, then they should pay for it. Any thoughts on this?

After completing my assignment, I reluctantly gave it to my father - a retired dairy farmer - to have a read and share his thoughts.  Surprisingly he actually agreed with the argument I raised around regulating to reduce inputs.  He considered himself to be 'a bit old school' and said he could never understand why people insisted on boosting inputs to the point where profit was compromised.  He was however, a little less fond of my call to put in place mandatory indoor farming systems...

Stringleman, H. and Scrimgeour, F. (2014) Dairying and dairy products - Beginnings of New Zealand’s dairy industry. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved from www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/photograph/15683/milking-shorthorn-cows

Week 3: The debate...

The debate around dairy farming and its environmental impact has seemingly taken over my life.

This week, as I have continued to slog through my source information, the writing of my opinion piece has not gotten any easier.  I've read and read...and read some more, and yet the very act of getting words to paper (or word doc in this instance) has alluded me for quite some time. Thankfully, I got a mojo kick at the latter half of the week, maybe after reading my team's Skype chat in my absence, and I now have something that slightly resembles an opinion piece.  It's about time.

I located two relevant sources which examine different points of view around the topic of increased regulation in farming to reduce environmental impacts; one being a chapter written by Jacqueline S. Rowarth of  the Waikato University Management School, the other an update report on water quality in New Zealand produced by the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment, Dr. Jan Wright.

Rowarth's piece comes from the book 'Ecosystem Services in New Zealand' edited by John Dymond (2014), a collection of chapters written by leading scientists and academics with the aim to develop understanding of New Zealand ecosystems and the way they function.   Her chapter titled 'Dairy Cows - Economic Production and Environmental Protection' takes the position that farmers are already doing 'remarkably well' in their efforts to improve the condition of our waterways, and that calls for them to 'pay the full costs of their impact' do not acknowledge this hard work.  She also claims that it is only a few, headlined cases of bad practice which are tarnishing the reputation of the whole industry itself.  Rowarth believes that the development of the Clean Streams Accord in 2003 has raised environmental awareness and compliance on farm, and seen more community initiatives evolve.  She calls for New Zealand to develop systems that increase the efficiency of production, while maintaining ecosystem services, closing by asking the question, how much are we prepared to pay for this?  Rowarth, an academic of the Management School at Waikato University, takes a business perspective when examining this issue, and appears to sympathise with the plight of the farmer in this instance.  She looks for ways for farmers to maintain/improve profitability- this being her main concern - while reducing environmental impacts appear to be a secondary focus.  

The conflict between further developing the industry alongside improving the state of our waterways is seen throughout discussion around this issue, highlighted by our own Government who aim to double our agricultural exports by 2025, whilst spending tax and rate payers' money to clean-up the 'dirty' waterways that result from the high-input farming model needed to achieve this target.

Conflicting attitudes around this were highlighted in Dr. Jan Wright's (2015) update report on 'Water quality in New Zealand: Land use and nutrient pollution'.  This update report summarises reactions to the original report published in 2013, which clearly showed the correlation between increased nitrogen in waterways and large-scale land conversion into dairy farming.  One of the most interesting aspects of this report were the conflicting views presented by different political parties - the Prime Minister painted a positive image where we can increase production while maintaining or improving water quality, while the Ministers for the Environment and Primary Industries jointly acknowledged the importance of the Government's freshwater reform programme and state that water quality will significantly improve within a generation.  The positive picture painted by the current government is not surprising considering they are critiquing their own work.

Opposing political leaders were less optimistic.  Moana Mackey, Labour Party environment spokesperson asserted her view, stating that the reform programme was nothing more than 'business as usual', which would lead to further degradation of our waterways, while the Greens called for tougher standards to make our rivers safe for swimming.  Interested parties such as Federated Farmers, Fonterra and Sir David Skegg, President of the Royal Society for New Zealand also weighed in.  Federated Farmers and Fonterra both recognised their role in making improvements but were critical of the original report, saying it portrayed a worse case scenario and didn't take into account existing mitigation on farms. Sir David Skegg was firm in his stance.  He expressed strong concerns that the current steps in place will not reverse the trend of environmental impacts anytime in the near future, a sentiment shared by Prof. David Hamilton, President of the NZ Freshwater Sciences Society.  Dr. Jan Wright has attempted to be objective, to allow for a broad overview of responses to the original report from a range of interested parties.  We must be considerate of the fact that responses have been selected and may not express the individual or groups views in their entirety.  

Now that that's done, I need to go and make some changes to my position paper!  This basically sums up the last week for me - write, read, re-write, repeat.

Rowarth, J. S. (2014). Dairy Cows - Economic Production and Environmental Protection. In J. Dymond (Ed.), Ecosystem Services in New Zealand' (pp. 85-93). Lincoln, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua Press.

Wright, J. Dr. (2015). Water quality in New Zealand: Land use and nutrient pollution(Update report). Wellington, New Zealand: Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment.

Week 2: Looking beyond the surface...

The greatest part of a writer's time is spent in reading, in order to write:
 a man will turn over half a library to make one book.

Samuel Johnson, The Life of Samuel Johnson LL.D. Vol 2

This has been a very interesting week.  The weather has been all over the show thankfully - as the sun gets warmer and I get increasingly closer to school holidays, my motivation to read wanes.  So with such crazy, rainy days I've been able to put in some solid hours towards completing the first assignment for this course.  Despite the rain, I can see that full summer is just around the corner as a flash of red is creeping into the many Pohutukawa that dot our Bay of Plenty coastline.

Pohutukawa, Tauranga

I have been tasked with the job of writing a position piece around the topic of regulation within farming in terms of protecting waterways, and I knew I needed to 'divorce myself from my views' to be objective when gathering information...easier said than done.

So I started with some for and against arguments I knew existed, not necessarily my own, but some that were commonly touted around this issue.  These arguments came without too much trouble...make the industry organisations accountable, increased penalties for failure to abide, government-subsidised alternative fertilisers and on and on.

The problems started when I started investigating further.  I went to the net and conducted a basic search on Google which generated many, many, many, many articles, reports, news clips, documentaries and so on.  There was so much interesting information but it all started to get a bit much and I found my own views being challenged with each click of mouse.  I was also very aware that a lot of the search returns were examples of  'popular literature' and it was really important for me to go back to the lessons taught in this week's classes about some of the issues with using these as research material - it may be biased or sensationalised, the author may lack scientific credentials and so on.

Still, as I sifted through these returns I did find some links to scholarly texts, through using Google Scholar.  Unfortunately some journals were not accessible online and often they only allowed you to view the abstract.  I have accessed journals through the distance library for previous papers and have found them really useful, if only less accessible in terms of content and form than their popular counterparts.  While these are considered to be more valid and reliable than the magazine, web or newspaper articles, I still needed to consider the source, authority, audience, content and currency of the journal.  I used this same process for the books I had ordered from the Massey Library.  I found this secondary literature too broad and often dated, as there have been many recent changes to legislation and regulation around this issue of late.

While I continued to gather more information,  I saw a shift in the way I was approaching the paper. Rather than looking for the existing arguments, I started looking for reliable evidence, from which to form my own arguments.  This may seem obvious to the rest of you but it took me awhile to get there!  I can relate to what Johnson said about the need to read 'half a library' but you really need such scope to put across informed ideas.

Alas, while I most likely won't have the full draft finished with a week to go like my team mate (go Meg!), I feel like I'm making some good progress.   Thank you Liz for the Dr Mike Joy link - I listened to his talks for my last paper and crazily haven't even used his research for this position paper yet.  On that note, I'm going to sit down with a cuppa and watch his talk right now.  In case you're interested I've included the link here.  

Week 1: This is me...

We abuse land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us.  When we see land as a community to which we belong, we may begin to use it with love and respect.  

Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac¹

Kia ora koutou and welcome to my blog. 

Right, so a few introductory bits and pieces to start.  My name is Catherine Welham, I'm a 34 year old English teacher based in Tauranga, New Zealand.  I grew up in Te Puke, went to secondary school and university (the first time) in Hamilton and I have just returned home after living abroad for 8 years.  This is me...

Sardinia, 2014

This blog forms part of my study of Communications in Science, a paper I am doing as part of a Bachelor of Environmental Science through Massey University.  I have already completed a pretty major stint at uni in my 20s when I gained a Bachelor of Arts and Grad. Dip. in Education from Waikato,  followed by a Masters in Educational Leadership from St Mary's in London.  After 11 years of teaching and working in middle management at high schools here and abroad, I'm looking for a new challenge and this is part of it.

Oxfam Trailwalker 2015, Taupo

I returned home this year after living in the UK for 8 years and travelling all over the world, armed with a greater appreciation for our country and its environments.  I had forgotten just how impressive this little country at the bottom of the Pacific can be.  The Southern Alps forming a jagged scar across the horizon, the untouchable forest canopies of Northland looming over gentle (or not so gentle) streams and the waters of the Wellington coast, thick with slapping seaweed, it all seems so perfect...on the surface.

This year I have spent a lot of time walking/hiking around the North Island.  Some of my favourite walks are close to home including those around Lake Taupo, the Rotorua Lakes, Waitawheta Valley, Puketoki Reserve, Otanewainuku and the walks around and up Mauao. These spots are gorgeous, stunning, truly picturesque.  Yet, every walk I take I see something that makes me feel uncomfortable and a little bit sad.  Erosion, discarded rubbish, algae, stomped and damaged young trees and shrubs - all signs of human impact that have become too common to be noticed by most. Like Leopold said, we need to remember that we are part of the environment, it doesn't belong to us and neither does the right to destroy it.

Mauao base walk

Ideally, I would like to work in environmental consultation or management one day. Communication will be a key aspect of both of these areas as they will involve dealing with clients/stakeholders and delivering clear and concise information.  I have developed a real interest in the dairy industry and its practises - maybe growing up on dairy farm myself helped to spark this particular concern.  My dad and I have some pretty heated conversations around this topic but it's useful to hear his perspective and he really challenges my own ideas.  It's been great practise for putting across arguments and examining differing points of view.  I guess the most significant step I have taken towards achieving this goal has been taking on this degree.  It certainly wasn't a decision I took lightly but I feel pretty happy with this choice.

I am hoping that this Communications in Science paper will help me to develop my skills in what is a relatively foreign area for me.  Coming from an English literature and Education background, writing for Science is a little bit daunting however I have produced educational research reports and communicated with interested parties so I might be better equipped than I think.  I was quite surprised by the 'storytelling' element - I feel like that might be my strength so I gain a little bit of reassurance in that.  I'm not a hugely confident public speaker - surprising for a teacher I know - but it's something I aim to develop though this course.

I think that's enough for today - it's raining outside but I'm feeling a little cabin feverish so might pop down for a walk along the beach.  Thanks for joining me on this journey and see you in a week!

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1 FOOTNOTE^↩ Leopold, A. (1949). A Sand County Almanac. Oxford University Press.